Evolution+Sources

EVOLUTION SOURCES (Due March 2)
Type in your name, followed by the correct source citation for your article and the 2 reliable sources you have found, then your 20 word annotation (point form). Before you add your sources, check to make sure that they have not already been posted.

MARY'S SOURCES

//Original article:// Raia, Pasquale. Meiri, Shai. (Nov. 30, 2005) “The Island Rule in Large Mammals: Paleontology Meets Ecology” **Evolution**. 60:1731-1742.
 * Cassie Stuurman - The Island Rule**

//Source one//: Meiri, Shai. Cooper, Natalie. Purvis, Andy. ( Oct. 18, 2007 ) “The Island Rule: Made to be broken?” ** Proc. R. Soc. B. ** 275:    141    –   148. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1631/141.full?sid=74b694ba-d36c-4271-82c5-336f20b8a58d __The island rule: made to be broken?__ · Claims that the island rule is false. · Size variation depends on the individual island and individual [|clades.] //Source two:// Welch, John J. (Oct. 6, 2008 "Testing the island rule: primates as a case study." **Proc. R. Soc. B.** 276: 675-682. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1657/675.full?sid=9c6ad8b1-8019-487e-8c65-0a03420bb2fa __Testing the island rule: primates as a case study__  · Criticizes different methods used in various studies regarding the island rule.   ·  Finds that permutation tests and SMA regression with log-transformed data give the best results while OLS regression can lead to false conclusions.   **GRACE's Sources:** Article: Junker, R., Bluthgen, N.(2008) "Floral Scents repel potentially nectar-thieving ants". Evolutionary Ecology Research 10:295-308.

1.Stein, Carter J. "Coevolution And Pollination." __Biology__. 29 Mar. 2005. University of Cincinnati Clermount College. 27 Feb. 2009. This site examines the co evolution and mutualism of pollination in plants by insects. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio303/coevolution.htm

2. Handman, Jim, prod. "Quirks & Quarks." __Evolution's Ring__. CBC. 29 Jan. 2005. This interview with Dr. Darren Irwin discusses the process of speciation of the Greenish Warbler in Tibet. http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/media/2004-2005/mp3/qq-2005-01-29c.mp3

Ishanee
 1.  C D Jiggins. "Speciation: Reinforced butterfly speciation." __Heredity__ (2006) **96,** 107–108. (published online 12 October 2005). 26 Feb. 2009. . -sympatric and allopatric speciation, specifically concentrating on butterfly wing patterns -sexual selection, natural selection and genetic drift as factors causing speciation of butterflies 2. Carroll, Sean. "Genetics on the wing or how the butterfly got its spots." __Natural History__ 106.5 (Feb. 1997): 28. __Science Reference Center__. EBSCO. 27 Feb. 2009. . -butterfly wings: development, genes that are responsible for various patterns, role of specific features (ie eyespot**s)** Safiyyah's Sources:

//Original Article:// Prohl, H., R.A. Koshy U. Mueller, A. S. Rand, And M.J. Ryan "Geographic Variation of Genetic and Behavioural Traits in Northern and Southern Tungara Frogs". **Evolution 60(8):** 1669 - 1679.


 * the effect of geography and genetic distances on the sexual selection and mate recognition of tungara frog

//Source 1:// Kwiatkowski, M. A., and B. K. Sullivan "Geographic Variation in Sexual Selection Among Populations of an Iguanid lizard, //Sauromalus Obesus// (=Ater)" **Evolution 56(10):** 2039 - 2051.
 * geographic influence on population divergence and speciation, especially sexual selection, of the iguanid lizard

//Source 2:// Frost, P. 'Sexual Selection and Human Geographic Variation". **JSEC 2(4):** 169 - 191.
 * the influence of geographic setting on sexual selection and on traits related to sexual sleection (i.e. eye colour, hair colour, skin colour, har length, etc.)

Hassan's Sources!

//Source 1//

Payne, Adam G., C. Smith and A. C. Campbell (2002) “Filial cannibalism improves survival and development of beaugregory damselfish embryos.” **The Royal Society 269:** 2095-2102 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1691142&blobtype=pdf
 * Suggests that filial cannibalism is an adaptive strategy used by the parent in low-oxygen situations in order to increase the hatching success of embryos.

//Source 2//

Mehlis, M., C.M. Theo and J. G. Frommen (2008) “Nutritional benefits of filial cannibalism in three-spined Sticklebacks.” **Naturwissenschaften 96:** 399-403. http://www.oeaw.ac.at/klivv/en/persons/Frommen-15.pdf


 * Suggests that the Stickleback consumes part of its brood in order to restore the body mass it has lost during brood-care.

**SophieShan** 's hybrid species

Original Article: Hegde, S., Nason, J., Clegg, J., & Ellstrand, N. (2006, June). “The Evolution of California’s Wild Radish has resulted in the Extinction of its Progenitors.” **Evolution, 60(6)**: 1187-1197.  Source 1:  Barton, N. (2001, March). “The role of hybridization in evolution.” ** Mol. ** ** Ecol. ****, 10(3) ** : 551-568. >>Does hybridization contributes to evolution? - hybrids generally less fit than parents - fit hybrids promote adaptive advantages and speciate

Source 2: de Queiroz, K. (2005, May 4). “Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species.” **PNAS,** **102**: 6600-6607. Retrived 1 March 2009, from the World Wide Web: [] Discusses the various seemingly incompatible definitions of a species, particularly comparing them against Mayr’s concept of biological species as metapopulations and the lineage concept of species, combined into conception of "metapopulation lineage" to reconcile most current species definitions. Emphasis on "species" as most basic unit of biological organization.

Donnie's sources Original Source: Smith, J.; C. Whelan; S. Taylor; M. Denight; and M. Stake. (2007). “ Novel predator-prey interactions: is resistance futile?” **Evol/Eco/Research. 9:** 433-446.

Source 1: Steinhart, G.; E. Dunlop; M. Ridgway; and E. Marschall. (2008). “ Should I Stay or Should I go? Optimal parental care decisions of a nest-guarding fish”. **Evol/Eco/Research. 10** : 351-371. Downloaded on March 1 2009 from []
 * vireo guard young against attacks against the invasive fire ants even though it is detrimental; failing to adopt co-evolution tactics

Source 2: Phillips, B.; R. Shine. 22nd June 2006. “An invasive species induces rapid adaptive change in a native predator: cane toads and black snakes in Australia.” **Proc. R. Soc. B. 273(1593)** : 1545-1550. Downloaded on March 2nd 2009 from []
 * The iteroparus smallmouth bass have been found to abandon eggs more often if the cost is detrimental to future survival


 * Black snakes have quickly evolved to avoid eating the cane toad (invasive species) and have developed some resistance to toxin.

 1st source: Sequeira A S, Lanteri AA, Albelo LR, Bhattacharya S, Sijapati M. (2008). "Colonization history, ecological shifts and diversification in the evolution of endemic Galápagos weevils.". Mol. Ecol. 2008 Feb;17(4):1089-107.
 * Danielle's sources:**
 * original source:**
 * Crespi, Bernard J., Parent, Christine E. (2006). "Sequential colonization and vidersification of Galapagos endemic land snail genus //Bulimulus// (Gastropoda, stylommatophora)". Evolution, 60(11), 2006. pp. 2311-2328.**
 * States that the diversification has to do with the volcanic and geographical history.

2nd source: Arbogast B S, Drovetski SV, Curry RL, Boag PT, Seutin G, Grant PR, Grant BR, Anderson DJ. (2006) "The origin and diversification of Galapagos mockingbirds". Evolution, 2006 Feb;60(2):370-82.
 * Radiation of the mockingbird species in each of the Galapagos islands may be stopped because of the lack of habitat diversity.


 * Sarah's Sources:

Original Source: York, H. A., and M. Papes. "Limiting similarity species assemblages in the short-tailed fruit bats." __Journal of Zoology__ 273 (2007): 249-56.**

//1st Source:// Templeton, Alan R. "The reality and importance of founder speciation in evolution." __BioEssays__ 30 (2008): 470-79. This article discussed the occurrence of a “founder event” whereby a new population is established from a small number of individuals drawn from a large ancestral population. The author notes the positive interaction between natural/relaxed selection and genetic drift and how both contribute to population growth. //2nd Source:// //Hodgkison, Robert, Sharon T. Balding, Akbar Zubaid, and Thomas H. Kunz. "Temporal Variation in the Relative Abundance of Fruit Bats (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Relation to the Availability of Food in a Lowland Malaysian Rain Forest." __Biotropica__ 36 (2006): 522-33.// The authors detail their investigation into the diet and subsequent number of fruit bats in the Malaysian area. They found that the availability of specific foods was an important factor in limiting local fruit bat species.

1st Source: Morell, Virginia. "Animal attraction." //National Geographic//. July 2003. 28 Feb 2009 . This article discusses how and why different species go through sexual selection, and how it tends to be the female's choice on whom they will mate.
 * Neeti's Source - Sexual Selection**

2nd Source: Perkins, Sid. "Looks Matter" //Science News.// October 1 2005. 28 Feb 2009 <http://web.ebscohost.com/src/detail?vid=1&hid=21&sid=a6870372-d212-41f5-b6d4-ec8563064951%40SRCSM2&bdata=JnNpdGU9c3JjLWxpdmU%3d#db=sch&AN=18452606#db=sch&AN=18452606#db=sch&AN=18452606>. This is a study of monogamy in barn swallows and how if the male's plumage is not very attractive, it is more likely to have its mate reproduce with other male on the side.

Tessa! Outlines conditions in which a trait for suicidal altriusm (suicide to protect other members of your species) could emerge.
 * Article**: Pollock, G. B. and Antonio Cabrales. 2008. **Suicidal altruism under random assortment**. //Evol. Ecol. Res.//, 10: 1077-1086

West, S.A., A.S. Griffin and A. Gardner. 2006. **Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection**. //J//. //of Evol. Biology// 20(2): 415-452 <www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118543843/HTMLSTART> [|link] A good backgrounder on current theory and terminology around the evolution of **co-operative behaviour**, i.e. use of energy to benefit others. Offers precise definitions and extensive references.

Wilson, E.O. 2005. **Kin Selection as the Key to Altruism: Its Rise and Fall**. //Social Res.//, 72(1): 1-8 <bio.kuleuven.be/ento/pdfs/wilson_socialresearch_2005.pdf> [|link] Discusses how recent research into insect colony formation contradicts some predictions of **kin selection**.

Kelsey’s Sources : Source 1 : Herrel, A., A. C. Gibb (2006) “Ontogeny of Performance in Vertebrates.” ** Physiol Biochem Zool 79: ** 1-6 <http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~acg/Publications/Herrel_&_Gibb_2006.pdf>. This experiment observed the physical, physiological and behavioural differences between the juveniles and adults within a species. This article explained how the juveniles compensated for their smaller size, if compensation was present. Many different species were observed.

Source 2 : Meyers, J.J., A. Herrel, J. Birch.” Scaling of Morphology, Bite Force and Feeding Kinematics in an Iguanian and a Scleroglossan Lizard.” //Topics in Functional and Ecological Vertebrate Morphology.// 2002. 1 March 2009 <http://webh01.ua.ac.be/funmorph/publications/Meyers%20et%20al%202002%20Topics.pdf>. This study demonstrated the difference between juvenile and adult individuals of different species of lizards. The difference in size of the juvenile and adult individuals within the same species created differences in movement and feeding patterns.

<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Madelaine's Sources: <span style="color: rgb(38, 42, 44); font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, D. Hodgson, T. Tregenze. "The evolution of body size under environmental gradients in ectotherms: why should Bergmann's rule apply to lizards?" 27 Feb. 2008. 28 Feb. 2009 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471- 2148/8/68. - Supports the positive correlation between body temperature and body size in ectotherms - Endotherms have a negative correlation, therefore it was hypothesized that ectotherms share the same feature, but the data, using Bergmann's rule showed the opposite - Good source to use for information regarding the negative and positive correlation between body size and body temperatue in both endotherms and ectotherms

Head, Jason, J. Bloch, A. Hastings, J. Bourque, E. Cadena, F. Herrera, D. Polly, C. Jaramillo. "Giant boid snake from the Palaeocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures." 45729 Jan 2009 1. 25 February 2009 <http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=22&sid=c483936d-0679-46aa-b704-f95345875e8a%40sessionmgr3&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=rch&AN=36369851>. <span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> - Examines the largest known snake ever to exsist on Earth - Talks about the correlation between body size and body temperature in snakes specifically - Great source to look for evidence of past reptiles and how they relate to present reptiles, specifically snakes - Also talks about climate of the Earth when the snake was around and what environment it would need to support it Trinette's Sources: Original Source: Yang, M-C., C.A. Chen, H-L. Hsieh, C-P. Chen. (2007) "Population Subdivision of the Tri-Spine Horseshoe Crab, //Trachypleus tridentatus,// in Taiwan Strait". **Zoological Science. 24:** 219-224

Book: Jones, Steve. __Darwin's Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated__. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2001. This book provides an updated version of "On the Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin. It discusses factors such as heredity, variation, natural selection and genetics.

Article: Hectre, Andy., Robert Bagchi. (2007) "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Multifunctionality." **Nature. 448:** 188-190. [] This article discusses biodiversity in different population sizes and the greater diversity of species that ecosystems need. This article looks specially at the grassland ecosystems.

Solomon’s Sources-Density Dependent Prophylaxis Bailey, N., B. Gray, M. Zuk. “Does Immunity vary with population density in wild populations of Mormon crickets?”. **Evol. Ecol. Res. (2008), 10: 599-610**. Wilson, Kenneth, Matthew B. Thomas, Simon Blanford, Matthew Doggett, Stephen J. Simson, Sarah L. Moore. “Coping with crowds: Density-dependent disease resistance in desert locusts”. **Ecology (2002), vol. 99 no. 8: 5471-5475.** [] ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> A laboratory study of how disease resistance changes with population density in desert locusts, an insect that displays phase polyphenism (it develops differently depending on the population density when it is reared). Cotter, S. C., R. S. Hails, J. S. Cory, K. Wilson. “<span style="color: rgb(35, 31, 32);">Density-dependent prophylaxis and condition-dependent immune function in Lepidopteran larvae: a multivariate approach”. **Journal of Animal Ecology (2004), 73: 283-293.** [] ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Examining plasticity in immune system activity based on population density in caterpillars. Finds that some immune functions are affected while others are not.
 * Original Article: **
 * Source 1 **
 * Source 2 **

__Elisa's Sources__ - <span style="color: rgb(227, 79, 79);">Essay discussing Evolutionary Significance of Geographic Variation in Adaptation Mumme, Ronald, M. Galatowitsch, P. Jablonski, T. Stawarczyk, J. Cygan, (2006) "Evolutionary Significance of Geographic Variation in a Plumage-based Foraging Adaptation: an Experimental Test in the Slate-Throated Redstart (//Myioborus Miniatus//)". **Evolution** 60:1086-1097. Gould, S, R. Lewontin., (1979) "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptionist Programme". **Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B** 205:581-598. <span style="color: rgb(236, 101, 101);">You can find it here : [] - critiques the assumption that the vast majority of evolved traits are optimal adaptations (Wiki: [|Adaptionism]), and the over emphasis on the power of natural selection
 * Original Article:**
 * Source 1:**

** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Source 2 : ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> von Dohlen, C, D. Gill, (1989) "Geographic variation and evolution in the life cycle of the witch-hazel leaf gall aphid (//Hormaphis hamamelidis)".// **Oecologia** 78:165-175. <span style="color: rgb(214, 67, 67); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">You can find it here : Talk to Elisa if you want to take a gander at this article or photocopy it sometime later this week :D - the generations of a certain kind of aphid alternate between living on the witchhazel plant and a birch tree - the same type of aphid only lives on the witchhazel plant when it's at a different altitude


 * Badral Erdenebileg**


 * original article:** Amy K. Schwartz and Andrew P. Hendry "A test for the parallel co-evolution of male colour and female preference in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata)". Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2007, **9**: 71-9**0

source 1:** Anne E. Houde "Sex, Color, and Mate Choice in Guppies" (1997) http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlBsyeirZMC&printsec=frontcover#PPA10,M1

<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> This book illustrates the sexual behaviour of guppies and examines how mate choice by females leads to the evolution of the conspicuous colors and the courtship displays for which guppies are widely recognized.

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118543790/PDFSTART Similar to the original article, it explains how the sexual selection changes due to high predation environment.
 * source 2:** U. Candolin, T. Salesto & M. Evers "Changed environmental conditions weaken sexual selection in sticklebacks" (2006)